Urban development is rapidly changing, and it continues to make progress between development, environmental preservation, function, and quality of life, and with the recent rise of sustainable development, urban development is being carried out in a dimension that encompasses all areas necessary for human life, such as social, cultural, economic, and environment, beyond the limited urban field.
There are various conceptual definitions of urban development. The dictionary meaning of 'urban development' is "to regulate and maintain population and industry in the vicinity or distance of an established city, and to expand the existing city and construct a new town." However, this simply means the concept of urban development as a combination of the terms urban and development, and for a more specific definition, urban development can be divided into the creation of a new urban area and the maintenance or redevelopment of an existing urban area.
The creation of a new urban area is defined as "the change of form and use to give an urban function to the land that does not yet have an urban form and function, and it means the development of a complex, the creation of a new town, or the development of a new town."
In order for changes in urban social culture to appear in urban spaces, there must be an urban planning theory to realize them. In the post-industrial era, in order to realize the problems of the city and the pursuit of the people of that era, the theory of the garden city, internationalism, urban beautification movement, and neighborhood housing theory were created, starting with the redefinition of the ideal city and the modern urban planning law, and in the post-industrial era, the tendency to pursue the environment, culture, art, quality of life, and differentiation increased along with postmodernism, which went one step further from the idea of modernism, and theories such as 'smart growth', 'new urbanism', 'compact city', and 'urban village' appeared under the framework of sustainable development.
Recently, new planning theories have emerged that are different from the past to solve various urban problems, such as New Urbanism, Urban Village, and Compact City.
These theories are based on mixed-use development, prioritizing public transportation and pedestrian-based transportation over car traffic.
Through this, we will prevent the hollowing out of the downtown area, solve the environmental problems caused by more unnecessary car traffic, and revitalize the streets of the city to pursue a vibrant city where people live differently from the past.
In the past, the car-centered road system had difficulty for residents in the area to access it through walking, as the central facilities of the region, such as neighborhood facilities and parks, were concentrated around the main roads. In addition, since all areas in the area are passed by car, the stability of walking is greatly reduced. However, when developed as a public transport-oriented system, the central facilities of the region are located in the center of the region, providing equal access to all people in the region, and making it possible to live a car-free daily life with access to public transport to most areas of the region.
In addition to this, it will also ensure the safety of pedestrian traffic in the area. This planning method, along with TOD (Transit-Oriented Development), will appear as a plan that links public transportation with the central facilities of the region. The central area of public transportation is developed in three dimensions to enhance its connectivity, and various uses such as transportation, business, commerce, and residence are developed in one area to create a mix of uses.
In a situation where the importance of walking and cycling traffic continues to be emphasized, the proportion of automobile traffic is gradually decreasing, and in order to transition to an era where pedestrian paths are prioritized, cars must slow down for pedestrians, and the transition must be made through the active participation of citizens who prioritize pedestrian paths.
In order to reduce the cost burden of three-dimensionalization, residential complexes are treated with pedestrian road patterns as pedestrian road priority plans, and the road is narrow and winding to prevent vehicles from speeding up.
As high-rise residential complexes in the U.S. and Europe are eventually demolished and transformed into low-rise houses, the huge green spaces in the complexes naturally undergo a change in space that differentiates and becomes small-scale green spaces.
In addition, as a social culture that emphasizes the pedestrian environment in the city is created, it is planned to connect small green spaces and network them through pedestrian lines, and this plan has recently been recognized as a very important planning element in urban development.
Recently, the New Urbanism and Urban Village Master Plan for Residential Complexes has shifted the center of the neighborhood from an elementary school to a complex of commercial, business, and public facilities, as well as parks and plazas.